Europe

Europe Kingdoms of Europe from Gaul to the Russias, and Scandinavia to the Balkan, Iberian, & Italian peninsulas
	EARLY CULTURES
	Specific Groups:	Early Cultures (Index) Early Cultures in Europe   Indo-Europeans  (Maps) Turkics South-West Indo-Europeans West Indo-Europeans
	Specific Regions:	Cyprus - Early Cultures Poland - Early Cultures Fenno-Scandinavia   Cyprus - Late Bronze Period
	BARBARIAN EUROPE
	Balkans Tribes:	Balkans Tribes (Index)
	Baltics Tribes:	Baltics Tribes (Index)
	Celtic Tribes:	Celtic Tribes in Europe (Index) Celtic Tribes in Britain (Index) Celtic Tribes in Iberia   (awaiting development) West Indo-Europeans
	Central European Tribes:	Alpine Tribes & Related Groups (Index) West Indo-Europeans
	Germanic Tribes:	Germanic Tribes (Index)
	Iberian/Aquitani Tribes:	Awaiting development
	Italic Tribes:	Alpine Tribes & Related Groups (Index) Italic Tribes (Index) West Indo-Europeans
	Other Tribes:	Alauni Avars Gerrians Roxolani Scythians  (Map)
	Slavic Tribes:	Slavic Tribes (Index) Return to top ^
	WESTERN EUROPE
	Post-Roman Gaul:	Celtic Tribes of Gaul (Index) Kingdom of Vannetais (Brittany) Domain of Soissons Kingdom of the Visigoths
	France:	Salii / Salian Franks Frankish Minor Kings Merovingian Kings of the Franks Breton March   Carolingian (Frankish) Empire Carolingian Kings of Middle Franks (Italy) Carolingian Kings of West Franks (France) Carolingian Kings of East Franks (Germany)   Capetian Dynasty Valois Dynasty Bourbon Dynasty French First Republic French First Empire Bourbon Restoration French Second Republic French Second Empire French Republics Heirs of Napoleon Bonaparte		RELATED LINKS: Map of Visigoth & Suevi Kingdoms in AD 470 Map of Frankish Kingdoms AD 481-511 Map of Frankish Kingdoms AD 511 Map of Frankish Empire AD 800 Map of Frankish Kingdoms AD 843 SPECIAL INDEX: Churches of France An index of churches in various regions of France, beginning in the city of Paris. IN DEPTH: The Napoleonic Wars A chronology of the major events which shaped Europe between 1769-1821. IN DEPTH: The McDonalds of the French Empire A young refugee from Culloden and his son, a marshal of France.
	Merovingian Splinter States:	Kingdom of Austrasia (Rheims) Kingdom of Orleans Kingdom of Paris / Neustria Kingdom of Burgundy Duchy & Kingdom of Aquitaine
	Carolingian Splinter States:	Kingdom of Aquitaine Kingdom of (Upper) Burgundy Duchy of (Lower) Burgundy Duchy of Aquitaine / Guyenne Kingdom of Lotharingia / Lorraine Margraves And Counts of Flanders   Principality of Andorra   Duchy of Normandy   Duchy of Lorraine Duchy of Upper Lorraine Duchy of Lower Lorraine
	Later French States:	Duchy of Lorraine Kingdom of French Navarre
	Netherlands / Holland:	Pre-Roman Frisia Frisian Folk Mothers Kings of Frisia (Friso) Kings of Frisia (Ubbo) Kings of Frisia / Friesland (Offo) Counts of Friesland (House of Fries) Counts of West-Frisia (House of Holland) Counts of Holland (House of Holland) Counts of Holland-Hennegau (House of Avesnes) Counts of Holland (House of Beiers) Counts of Holland (House of Burgundy) Counts of Holland (House of Habsburg) Stadhouder Princes of Holland (Orange) Stadhouder Princes of Holland (Orange-Nassau) Kingdom of Holland (Bonapartes) Kingdom of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau)   Kings of the Belgians		SPECIAL INDEX: Netherlands Churches An index of churches old and new in the south-eastern corner of the Netherlands.
	Luxembourg:	County of Luxemburg Duchy of Luxemburg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Return to top ^
	IBERIAN PENINSULA
	Pre-Roman Spain:	Early Cultures (Index)   Gadir (Cadiz)   Celtic Tribes of Iberia (Index)
	Post-Roman & Islamic Spain:	Vandali Kingdom of Spain Suevi Kingdom of Gallaecia Kingdom of the Visigoths   Umayyad / Omayyid Amirs of Spain Umayyad / Omayyad Caliphs of Spain Nasrid Kings of Granada		RELATED LINKS: Map of Visigoth & Suevi Kingdoms in AD 470
	Christian Spain:	County of Barcelona Christian Kingdom of Asturias & Galicia Kingdom of Navarre / Nafarroa Kingdom of Castile Principality of Andorra Kingdom of Galicia Kingdom of Leon   Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of French Navarre
	United Spain:	Habsburg Dynasty Bourbon Dynasty Savoy Dynasty / First Republic Bourbon Dynasty (Restored) Second Republic / Regency Bourbon Dynasty (Restored)
	Portugal:	(First) County of Oporto (House of Perez) (Second) County of Portugal (Pre-Burgundy) Kingdom of Portugal (House of Burgundy) Kingdom of Portugal (House of Aviz) Kingdom of Portugal (House of Habsburg) Kingdom of Portugal (House of Braganza) Modern Portugal Return to top ^
	ITALIAN PENINSULA
	Early Italy:	Early Cultures (Index)   Corsica Sardinia   Apennine Culture Terramare Culture Etruscans Villanova Civilis		GALLERY FOCUS: A map of Iron Age Italy between about 800-400 BC (click on image to view map on a separate page)
	Iron Age Italy:	Alpine Tribes & Related Groups (Index) Celtic Tribes of Italy (Index) Italic Tribes of Italy (Index) West Indo-Europeans
	Magna Graecia:	Syracuse
	Rome:	Latin Kings of Alba Longa Latin Camineri Latin Crustumini   Kingdom of Rome Republic of Rome Empire of Rome Julian-Claudian Dynasty Soldier Emperors Flavians Adoptive Emperors Unassociated Emperors Severans Unassociated Emperors Severans Soldier Emperors Tetrarchs Second Flavian Dynasty Western Roman Empire Gothic Kingdom of Italy Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy
	Post-Roman Italian Regions:	Naples Savoy Sicily
	Post-Roman Italian States:	Republic of Venice Vandali Governors of Sardinia Medieval Corsica   Byzantine Sicily Byzantine Sardinia Exarchate of Ravenna Byzantine Dukes of Neapolis   North Italian Kingdom of the Lombards Independent Duchy of Benevento Independent Duchy of Spoleto
	Later Northern Italian States:	Lugano Carolingian Kings of Middle Franks Frankish Kings of Italy Consuls & Senators of Rome   Counts of Savoy Lombard League Senatores of Rome Lords of Milan   Duchy of Milan Dukes of Savoy Counts of Lugano (Sanseverino) Dukes of Marsi (Colonna) Counts of Lugano (Non-Dynastic)		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Later Southern Italian States:	Independent Dukes of Naples Principality of Benevento Islamic Sicily   Giudici of Arborea (Sardinia) Giudici of Cagliari (Sardinia) Giudici of Gallura (Sardinia) Giudici of Logudoro (Sardinia)   Emirate of Sicily (Kalbids) Counts (Dukes) of Apulia Counts of Sicily Norman Kingdom of Naples & Sicily Angevin Kingdom of Naples Aragon Kingdom of Sicily Genoese Corsica Viceroys of Aragonese Sardinia Aragon Kingdom of Naples & Sicily		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Early Modern Italy:	Viceroys of Spanish Sardinia Spanish Governors of the Duchy of Milan Austrian Governors of the Duchy of Milan   Kings of Sardinia & Savoy Viceroys of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy)   Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Corsican Republic French Corsica
	Modern Italy:	Cispadane & Transpadane Republics of Italy Cisalpine Republic of Italy Italian Republic Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia   Kingdom of Italy (House of Savoy) Modern Italy   Bishops of Rome / Popes (Catholic Church) Byzantine Popes (Catholic Church) Frankish Popes (Catholic Church) Feudal Popes (Catholic Church) Medieval Popes (Catholic Church) Great Schism Popes (Catholic Church) Renaissance Popes (Catholic Church) Early Modern Popes (Catholic Church) Modern Popes (Catholic Church) Return to top ^
	CENTRAL EUROPE
	Barbarian Tribes:	Early Cultures (Index)   Celtic Tribes (Index) Germanic Tribes (Index) Slavic Tribes (Index)   Bavarii Confederation Wends
	Barbarian Kingdoms:	Kingdom of the Alemanni Kingdom of the Burgundians Old Saxony Thuringians
	Germanic States			RELATED LINKS: Map of Germany AD 962 Map of Confederation of German States 1815
	German Empire:	East Francia Holy Roman Empire Frankish Roman Emperors Germanic Roman Emperors Saxon Holy Roman Emperors Franconian Emperors Hohenstaufen (Swabian) Emperors Non-Dynastic Emperors Habsburg Emperors (First Reich)
	Frankish Stem Duchies:	Duchy of Bavaria (Welfs) Duchy of Franconia Duchy & Kingdom of Saxony (Ottonians) Duchy of Swabia Dukes of Thuringia
	Austria:	Margraves of Austria (Regensburg) Margraves of Austria (Babenberg) Dukes of Austria (Zahringen) Dukes of Austria (Przemyslid) Dukes of Austria (Habsburg) Archdukes of Austria (Habsburg) Archdukes of Austria (Lorraine-Habsburg) Emperors of Austria (Lorraine-Habsburg) Modern Austria   Margraves of Styria County of Tyrol
	Baden:	Margraves of Baden Margraves of Baden-Baden Margraves of Baden-Durlach Grand Dukes of Baden
	Bavaria:	Bavarian Confederation Duchy of Bavaria (Welfs) Duchy of Bavaria (Wittelsbachs) Duchy of Bavaria (Palatinate Wittelsbachs) Kingdom of Bavaria Hereditary Kings of Bavaria		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Bohemia / Moravia: Czech Republic / Slovakia:	Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia Kingdom of Great Moravia Duchy of Bohemia-Moravia Kingdom of Bohemia-Moravia Kingdom of Bohemia (Luxembourg) Kingdom of Bohemia (Non-Dynastic) Modern Czech Republic & Slovakia
	Brandenburg-Prussia:	Margraves of the North March Margraves of Brandenburg (Ascanians) Margraves of Brandenburg (Wittelsbachs) Electors of Brandenburg (Wittelsbachs) Electors of Brandenburg (Luxembourg) Electors of Brandenburg (Hohenzollern) Kingdom of Prussia German Empire German Republics Modern Germany
	Carinthia:	Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia Principality of Khorushka / Carantania Duchy of Carinthia (Non-Dynastic) Duchy of Carinthia (Spontheim) Duchy of Carinthia (Premyslid) Duchy of Carinthia (Habsburg) Duchy of Carinthia (Tirol) Duchy of Carinthia (Habsburg Inner Austria)   Istria		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Franconia:	County of Franconia Duchy of Franconia		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Hesse:	Landgraves of Hesse Dukes of Hesse (1500)   Hessen-Marburg (1458)   Hessen-Kassel (1567) Hessen-Marburg (1567) Hessen-Rheinfels (1567) Hessen-Darmstadt (1567) Hessen-Butzbach (1596)   Hessen-Eschwege (1617) Hessen-Homburg (1622) Hessen-Braubach (1626) Hessen-Rotenburg (1627) Hessen-Philippsthal (1655) Hessen-Darmstadt-Itter (1661) Hessen-Rheinfels-Wanfried (1693)   Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1736)   Hessen-Kassel Kurfürsts (1803) Hessen-Rumpenheim (1803) Hessen-Darmstadt Grand Dukes (1806) Hessen-Battenburg (1888)   Hereditary Heirs of Hessen-Kassel (1866) Hereditary Heirs of Hesse-Darmstadt (1918) Hereditary Heirs of Hesse (1968)
	Liechtenstein / Vaduz:	County of Vaduz (Schellenberg) County of Vaduz (Werdenberg) County of Vaduz (Brandis) County of Vaduz (Sulz)   Principality of Hohenems-Vaduz Principality of Liechtenstein
	Lippe:	County of Lippe County of Lippe-Alverdissen County of Lippe-Brake County of Lippe-Detmold County of Lippe-Schwalenberg County of Sternberg-Schwalenberg   County of Lippe-Biesterfeld County of Schaumburg-Lippe County of Lippe-Weissenfeld   Principality of Lippe Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe   Hereditary Princes of Lippe
	Nassau:	County of Nassau-Weilburg County of Nassau-Dillenberg   Duchy of Nassau-Weilburg
	Poland:	Western Polans Duchy & Kingdom of Poland (Piast) Kingdom of Poland (Anjou-Hungary) Kingdom of Poland (Jagiellan) Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania / Commonwealth Grand Duchy of Warsaw Polish Kingdom / Congress of Poland Modern Poland   Galicia Mazovia Halychyna (Galicia) / Halych-Volynia Beylerbeys of Podolia Kingdom of Galicia & Lodomeria   Pomerania / Pommern Duchy of Pomerania Pomeranian Branches Swantiborides of Pomerania		SPECIAL INDEX: Churches of Poland An index of churches across the northern regions of this largely rural country.
	Saxony:	Old Saxony Dukes of Saxony (Hattonids) Duchy & Kingdom of Saxony (Ottonians) Duchy of Saxony (Billungs) Duchy of Saxony (Supplinburg) Duchy of Saxony (Welfs) Duchy of Saxony (Ascanians) Duchy of Saxony (Welfs) Duchy of Saxony (Ascanians)   Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg Duchy of Saxe-Molln-Bergedorf Duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg Electorate of Saxony (Saxe-Wittenberg) Electorate of Saxony (Wettins) Electorate of Saxony (Saxe-Thuringen) Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Electorate of Saxony (Saxe-Meissen) Kingdom of Saxony Hereditary Kings of Saxony
	Swabia:	Duchy of Alemannia Duchy of Swabia
	Switzerland
	Thuringia:	Kingdom of Thuringia Dukes of Thuringia Counts of Thuringia Landgraves of Thuringia (Ludovingians)
	Westphalia / Westfalia:	Kingdom of Westphalia
	Württemburg:	County of Württemburg Duchy of Württemburg Kingdom of Württemburg Return to top ^
	NORTHERN EUROPE
	Scandinavia:	PREHISTORIC FENNO-SCANDINAVIA Early Cultures (Index) Germanic Tribes (Index)   Fenno-Scandinavia   IRON AGE SCANDINAVIA Denmark (Danes) Kvenland Norway Sweden (Swedes)   MIGRATION PERIOD Angeln (Angles) Baeldaeg's Folk (Angles) Benoc's Folk (Angles) Caser's Folk (Angles) Waegdaeg's Folk (Angles) Wehta's Folk (Angles)   Geats (Yeats) Jutes (Eudoses)   Kvenland Petty Kingdoms of Scandinavia (Index)   Kingdom of Denmark Kingdom of Norway Kingdom of Sweden		RELATED LINKS: Map of Scandinavia AD 800 Map of Baltic Tribes AD 1000
	Eastern Baltic Coast:	Baltic Tribes Baltic Tribes (Index)   Dorpat / Tartu Estonia (Eesti) Latvia (Latvija) Lithuania (Lietuva) Ösel-Wiek / Saaremaa and Läänemaa Prussia Samogitia (Zemaitija) Vindi   Kvenland (of the Kainu) Principality of Gersik Principality of Koknese		RELATED LINKS: Map of Baltic Tribes AD 1000 SPECIAL INDEX: Churches of Estonia An index of churches in Estonia, which are low in number but high in uniqueness.
	Northern Crusade Period:	Livonian Order Teutonic Knights   Courland (Kurland / Kurzeme) Culm (Chelmno) Dorpat Ermland Estonia Lithuania Livonia Ösel-Wiek Österland (Kvenland / Finland) Pomesania Reval (Tallinn) Samland (Sambia) Warmia   Archbishopric of Riga / Prince-Bishops of Livonia Grand Duchy of Lithuania		SPECIAL INDEX: Castles A growing collection of photobox pages featuring castles in Britain & Europe.
	Polish / Swedish Period:	Elders of Samogitia Duchy of East Prussia Teutonic Knights Polish Governors of Livonia Duchy of Courland & Semigallia Duchy of Ösel Swedish Governors of Estonia / Duchy of Estonia Grand Duchy of Finland (Kvenland) Swedish Prussia Swedish Governors-General of Livonia Latgallia / Polish Livonia Swedish Governors of Ösel
	Russian / Modern Period:	Russian Governors of Estonia Russian Governors of Livonia Russian Baltic Provinces Russian Governors of Courland Russian Governors of Lithuania Russian Grand Duchy of Finland   Modern Estonia Modern Finland Modern Kaliningrad Modern Latvia Modern Lithuania Return to top ^
	EASTERN EUROPE
	Early Peoples:	Early Cultures (Index) Indo-Europeans  (Maps) Uralics   Balkans Tribes (Index) Baltic Tribes (Index) Celtic Tribes in Europe (Index) Finno Ugric & Samoyed Tribes (Index) Germanic Tribes (Index) Slavic Tribes (Index) Turkic Tribes (Index)   Alans (Alani / Alauni) Altyn Ola Horde Avars Barsils Belendzhers Bulgars Cimmerians Geloni Huns Kutrigurs Magyars Roxolani Spali Utigurs Venedi (Early Belgae) Wends		RELATED LINKS: Map of Eastern Europe 1900 BC Map of Eastern Europe 1200 BC Map of Eastern Europe AD 450-500 Map of Eastern Europe AD 632-665 Map of Frankish Empire AD 800 Map of Eastern Europe AD 862-882 Map of Baltic Tribes AD 1000 Map of Eastern Europe AD 1054-1132
	Early States:	Great Bulgaria   Kiev Polotsk Vladimir		RELATED LINKS: Map of Eastern Europe AD 632-665 Map of Eastern Europe AD 862-882
	Countries & States:
	Albania:	(Second) Kingdom of Albania (Third) Kingdom of Albania Modern Albania
	Armenia:	Kingdom of Armenia (Artashesids) Kingdom of Armenia (Arsacids)   Kingdom of Armenia Sophene Kingdom of Lesser Armenia Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (Erzindjan)   Kingdom of Greater Armenia (Persarmenia) Marzban Persian Governors of Armenia Persian Marzban of Dwin Persian Marzban of Eastern Armenia Governors of Western Armenia Governors of Western Armenia (Reunified) Principality of Armenia Kingdom of Greater Armenia (Bagratids) Kingdom of Lesser Armenia   Eastern Armenia Modern Armenia
	Azerbaijan:	Modern Azerbaijan
	Belarus:	Polotsk
	Bosnia:	Kingdom of Bosnia
	Bulgaria:	Kingdom of Bulgaria Empire of Bulgaria Cometupoli Western Bulgarian State Asens of Bulgaria Terters of Bulgaria Principality of Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria Modern Bulgaria		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Caucuses:	Armenia Georgia   Great Bulgaria   Alans of the Caucuses Kingdom of Alania   Modern Armenia Modern Georgia Modern Ossetia (Alania)		RELATED LINKS: Map of Eastern Europe AD 450-500
	Crimea:	Khans of the Crimea
	Croatia:	Dukes of Croatia Kingdom of Croatia Modern Croatia
	Georgia:	Kingdom of Kolkis (Colchis / Qulha) Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli) Kingdom of Egrisi (Kolkis / Lazica) Kingdom of Abasgia (Abkhazia) Kingdom of Georgia Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakhetia Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Georgia) Kingdom of Imeretia Modern Georgia   Modern Ossetia (Alania)
	Hungary:	Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia March of Pannonia / Principality of Balaton Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary & Croatia Modern Hungary   Transylvania
	Moldavia:	Moldavia & Bessarabia Phanaroits (Tax Farmer Princes) Kingdom of Rumania with Bessarabia & Moldavia Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic Moldova (with Transnistria)
	Monte Negro:	Principality of Monte Negro Modern Montenegro
	Romania:	Principality of Moldavia Principality of Transylvania Principality of Wallachia   Phanaroits (Tax Farmer Princes) in Moldavia Phanaroits (Tax Farmer Princes) in Wallachia   Kingdom of Rumania (Hohenzollern) Modern Romania
	Russia:	Grand Dukes of Moscow State Czarate of all the Russias Romanov Czars of the Russias Soviet Russia Modern Russia   Modern Ossetia (Alania)
	Serbia:	Kingdom of Serbia Empire of Serbia Principality of Serbia Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Modern Serbia
	Slovenia:	Margraves of Carniola (inc Merania) (Slovenia)
	Ukraine:	Grand Principality of Kiev Modern Ukraine Return to top ^		RELATED LINKS: Map of Eastern Europe AD 862-882 Map of Eastern Europe AD 1054-1132
	EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
	Crete:	Early Cultures (Index)   Early Minoan Crete Middle Minoan Crete Late Minoan Crete Achaean (Mycenaean) Crete
	Cyprus:	Akrotiri Culture Khirokitia Culture Sotira Culture Erimi Culture Philia Culture Late Bronze Period Kingdom of Alashiya / Alasiya (Enkomi) Kingdom of Salamis Christian Kingdom of Cyprus Colonial Cyprus (Ottoman / British) Modern Cyprus
	Mycenaean Greece:	Ahhiyawa (Ahhiya) Athens Corinth (Ephyra) Epirus Iolkos Laconia (Lacedaemon) Mycenae Pelasgians Phthia Thrace   Balkans Tribes		RELATED LINKS: Map of Eastern Europe 1900 BC Map of Eastern Europe 1200 BC
	Classical / Hellenic Greece:	Athens Corinth Epirus Laconia   Argead Kings of Macedonia Great Kings of Macedonia Antipatrid Kings of Macedonia Antigonid Kings of Macedonia   Phthia Sparta   Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace Tribal Kingdom of the Bessoi Argead Dynasty Lysimachian Empire   Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace (Restored) Tribal Kingdom of the Canites Tribal Kingdom of the Odrissae Tribal Kingdom of Astean Kingdom of Sapes   Magna Graecia States (Index) Mycenaean or Greek States in Asia Minor (Index) Greek Empire Satraps (Index) Celtic Tribes of Eastern Mediterranean (Index)
	Roman (Byzantine) Greece:	Athens Macedonia & Thrace   Dynasty of Theodosius Dynasty of Leo Dynasty of Justinian Dynasty of Heraclius Isaurian (Iconoclastic) Dynasty End of the Isaurian / Nicophoran Dynasty Phrygian Dynasty Macedonian Dynasty Prelude to the Comnenian Dynasty Dynasty of the Comneni Dynasty of the Angeli Eastern Roman Emperors In Nicæa Rival Eastern Emperors In Trebizond Rival Eastern Emperors In Epirus Latin Emperors At Constantinople Dynasty of the Palæologus Despots of Morea Dynasty of the Palæologus (Continued) Fourth Crusade States Kingdom of Thessalonica Duchy of Athens Principality of Achaia		RELATED LINKS: Map of Frankish Empire AD 800
	Later Greece:	Kingdom of Greece Modern Greece
	Later Asia Minor:	Ottoman Empire