List of current monarchs of sovereign states
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A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]
Monarchs are distinguished by their titles and styles, which in most cases are defined by tradition, and guaranteed under the state's constitution.
A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and
"queen", "prince" and "princess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they
will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.
In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.[6][8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9]
These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly
considered as such because they retain certain associative
characteristics.[10]
Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements,
where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members
of a royal bloodline.[11][12]
Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which
are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in
their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For current claimants to abolished thrones, see pretenders.
Monarchs by country
Key
Legend
| Key
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Description
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| Monarch
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Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors.
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| Since
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Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes.
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| House
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Name of royal family, with information on bloodline.
|
| Type
|
Form of monarchy, with information on role of the monarch within government.
|
| Succession
|
Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession.
|
| Standard
|
Heraldry attributed to the relevant monarch or monarchy.
|
| N/A
|
Denotes where specific field is not applicable.
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| —
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Denotes where data is not available.
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List
See also
Notes
References
External links
The president of France and the bishop of Urgell each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
Cite error: The named reference Eliza was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
The royal family of Belgium and the House of Windsor are both lines of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,[33][34] which is a branch of the House of Wettin.[35]
Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
Coronation took place 2 June 1953.[30]
Lower flag is for use in Scotland only, upper flag is used in England, Northern Ireland and Wales.
Hamad bin Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[31]
A clan of the Utub tribe.[32]
The
Belgian monarch does not automatically assume the throne at the death
or abdication of their predecessor; they only become monarch upon taking
a constitutional oath
Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[37]
Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[39]
Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[40]
A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.[41][42]
The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.[43]
Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.[44]
Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati
upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the
duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered
ineligible.[46][47]
"Naruhito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Naruhito's reign bears the name "Reiwa", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Reiwa" following his death.[citation needed][49]
The formal coronation ceremony was held on 22 October 2019.[50]
The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[51][52] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.[53] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[55]
Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[56]
The
heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be
approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[59] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.[60][61] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[63]
Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[65] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[66] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[67]
Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[68]
The royal family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg,[69] descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".[70]
Elected on 24 January 2019.[71] Term of office started on 31 January 2019.[72]
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers.
The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically
rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.[73]
Albert
II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in
accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[75][76] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.[77]
Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[79]
The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe.
[81][82]
Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[84]
Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.[86]
Succession
is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be
Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's
actions:[88]
Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[91]
Name is also written as Mahawachiralongkon.[93] He is also styled Rama X.[94]
Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed King on 1 December 2016 with retroactive effect to the date of his father's death.[94] The coronation took place from 4 – 6 May 2019.[95][96]
A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[98][99]
The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[100]
The Prime Minister
is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme
Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains
considerable power.[101]
According to the Constitution,
the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal
Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[101] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto
hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has
always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Sheikh of Dubai.[102]
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Government of the United Kingdom. "The House of Windsor". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
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"Naruhito: Japan's emperor proclaims enthronement in ancient ceremony". BBC News. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
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"The royal family, Al Sabah, has two branches—Al Jaber and Al Salem—and
has traditionally alternated in ruling Kuwait. This tradition, however,
has changed following the death of Jaber Al Sabah [1977–2006]."
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"The two branches of the Al-Sabah family, the Jabers and the Salems,
have traditionally alternated their rule, one providing the emir and the
other the crown prince (also serving as prime minister)."
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"In October 2006, King Abdullah issued a new succession law that
amended the 1992 Basic Law and formalized the process by creating the
Allegiance Commission. The new law both defines how a king will choose
among possible candidates and provides a formal way for developing a
consensus to choose the king's successor. The Allegiance Commission will
select a king and crown prince upon the death or incapacitation of
either. This commission expands the role of the ruling family in the
selection process. ... It is composed of some 35 sons and grandsons of
the late founder of the Kingdom, Abd al-Aziz al-Saud, who will vote in secret ballots on who could and could not be eligible to be future kings and crown princes."
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"The Al Nahyan ... are a branch of the Al Bu Falah tribe of the Bani
Yas confederation, and although they have been a small section of the
tribe, the Al Nahyan have traditionally provided the paramount shaykh
for the confederation."
Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.
Noack, Sascha (2007). Doing Business in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates. GRIN Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-638-79766-5.
Rosenthal, Laurie (12 June 2006). "Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan". The Nation. Katrina vanden Heuvel.
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